When fires occur, especially in buildings or vehicles, they produce a complex, hazardous cocktail of gases and particulates from burning materials like plastics, textiles, and insulation. The main dangers include:
- Carbon Monoxide (CO): CO is a colorless, odorless gas that can be lethal even in small concentrations. CO bonds with hemoglobin in the bloodstream more readily than oxygen, effectively preventing oxygen from being transported to vital organs. This can lead to loss of consciousness and death in minutes.
- Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN): Synthetic materials like plastics, foams, and textiles release HCN when burned. This gas prevents cells from using oxygen, leading to cellular suffocation. Symptoms of cyanide poisoning can include confusion, seizures, and respiratory failure.
- Phosgene and Ammonia: Chlorinated chemicals and other building materials may produce phosgene or ammonia gases. Phosgene, which smells like freshly cut grass, can cause delayed but severe respiratory damage, even at low exposure levels.
- Particulates and Soot: Fine particulates in smoke can penetrate deep into the lungs, damaging tissue and impairing respiratory function. Soot and particulate matter are a major cause of respiratory issues post-exposure.
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